The Charm Particle

  Physicists say that only 5% of this universe is created of matter or atoms (electrons, protons, and neutrons). Then what is the rest 95% made of if not atoms? Well, we call that dark matter and dark energy!  Illustration of Dark Matter Dark Matter: Earlier we thought that this universe of ours was made up of only baryons and leptons, i.e. electrons, protons, and neutrons. But subsequently, we found out that this theory was not fully accurate and only 5% of this universe is made up of visible matter. The rest 25% consists of "Dark Matter". Dark here is used because we cannot see this, yet we can only sense its presence because of its gravitational pull. We deduced that it has mass because it creates a gravitational field.  An Image of a Cluster. Pink here is normal matter and blue indicates Dark matter which is overpowering the pink one. Image Credit: NASA Dark Energy:  It is more peculiar than Dark Matter because it takes up the rest of 70% of the universe. It repe...

 Ever wondered how actually this universe was formed? How will it end? Why is everything in the universe so distant from each other? Is there any life on other planets? Most probably, the answers to these questions are still yet unknown and no accurate description can be found in any of the present texts.  Many philosophers think of this universe as an "illusion", which means it is not accurate, just a simulation. The things we are seeing are not actually there and not in the state as we see them.  Let's take a look at how we can call this universe an illusion! The Human Eye Can See Only a Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum: We are already familiar with the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. the division of light into different wavelengths or frequencies. Visible light, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet rays are the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum of light. The strange part here is that the human eye can only see t...

 Gravity is a force. Is that statement actually true? Isaac Newton was the first to discover gravity and described it as some force between any two bodies in the universe no matter how far apart they are. What he did not tell was what would happen if one of the bodies suddenly disappeared? What happens if the bodies are very, very small? What happens if the bodies move at very high speeds?  Albert Einstein, in his theories of relativity, explained gravity not as a force but as a fabric of "space-time". Now, what is this space-time? See Also:  Theory of Everything What is a Space-Time? A space-time, in simple words, is a giant fabric-like geometrical structure under any massive body in space. Gravity, on the other hand, is the curvature that is caused due to the mass of a planet or any celestial object. The heavier the object is, the more gravity it creates. Imagine a giant net, if we place a ball in the center of it, the ball would cause a curve in the net due to its mass...

Born in the year 1856, in Croatia, Nikola Tesla was an inventor of many devices and machines that are still being used in the modern world but very few people know that they were actually invented by this remarkable scientist. Let's take a quick look at them. See also:  Nikola Tesla: An Unsung Hero in the Invention of the Lightbulb Nikola Tesla in his laboratory. AC Motor: Tesla invented the AC motor when he was only 21 years old. It consists of three parts: a rotor, a stator, and the coils. It was used to generate and transmit electric energy over large distances and is still used today.  Tesla's AC Motor Tesla Coil: Tesla Coil was invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It produces high voltage, low current, and high-frequency AC wirelessly.  Tesla Coil Radar: A radar is a large antenna dish that transmits and receives electromagnetic signals mainly in radio and microwave regions. It is based on the ability of bats to detect the distance of objects without seeing them with th...

If someone asks you who is the inventor of a lightbulb, your answer would probably be "Thomas Edison". But what if I tell you a story of a hidden scientist who made a crucial contribution to the invention of the lightbulb. His name is Nikola Tesla and he was born to be the "lightning". Nikola Tesla Early History of the Lightbulbs: The only source of light, at the very beginning of life on Earth, was Sun. Humans learned to light fire by rubbing stones together. Yet, the only source of lighting or "electricity" was the thunder in the sky. It still is the only "natural" source of electricity.  Since the early 19th century, many scientists invented the prototypes of lightbulbs with carbon filaments, that would glow when an electric current was passed through them. More bulbs were invented over the next years but none was successful to be used commercially.  Joseph Wilson Swan, a physicist, in 1850, created a prototype of a light bulb with carbon fila...

Everything has two outcomes or possibilities. Day and night, plus and minus, front and back, light and dark, etc. In the same manner, black holes have another possibility too, the "White Holes". White Hole Image Credit: New Scientist What Actually is a White Hole: A white hole is a theoretical region in space that emits and throws away every matter, even light. It is the exact opposite of a black hole that sucks up everything, including light.  See also:  Black Holes How is a White Hole Formed? When a very massive star dies, it is crushed under its own matter and gravity that it turns into a black hole, but before it could turn into a complete black hole, the quantum effects reverse the process and bounce off the matter and gravity, causing a white hole to be formed.  Is White Hole Real? Currently, there is no such evidence that white holes actually exist in space, it's just a theoretical prediction of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Still, there is a high probabilit...

 In 2019, NASA captured the first-ever spectacular image of a Black Hole at the center of the Messier 87 (M87) galaxy. This was a huge milestone for science as it was nearly impossible to capture Black Holes because they suck all the light that falls upon them.  Black Hole at the center of galaxy M87 captured by Event Horizon Telescope. Image Credit: NASA The real question is, is this really a final image of a Black Hole? Can there be a clearer and brighter image of the same black hole or even another? Let's find out! First of all, what is a Black Hole? See also:  White Holes Black Hole: A black hole is a region in space, typically when a very massive star dies, it forms a region so dense that even light cannot escape from it. Its outside boundary is called the "event horizon" from where nothing can escape. Black Holes were predicted only theoretically by John Michell in 1783 and the first-ever black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in 1971 but was not seen and captured. ...

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are all the fields of calculations, rational thinking, logic, analytics, and research. A simple error can lead to much confusion while Art, on the other hand, is way more abstract, far from logic, and not based on any calculations. Any error or mistake is considered an "art" itself. However, this is not always true to put Science and Art in two different categories. That's why a new acronym "STEAM" i.e. Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics is developed. Art, which was earlier considered a separate field is more connected to Science than we can ever imagine.  Let's take a look at their beautiful relationship! The Golden Ratio Image credit: Pixpa Leonardo Da Vinci: Born in 1452, in Italy, he was a famous polymath, a person who knows plenty of subjects. He commanded in Mathematics, Painting, Engineering, Theory, Sculpture, and Architect. His brain adopted both, the creative and intellect...

Unification, in simple words, is the method of unifying and simplifying two or more entities. It has been in human nature for thousands of years to simplify things even a little bit, to put them into a single framework so they do not have to look up for them separately. In the field of Science and Physics, unifying is the act of combining two or more separate areas of Physics that were earlier considered different. For decades, scientists have been attempting to unify and merge the four forces of nature. Some scientists have tried to unify the two or even three and have not achieved it yet. So, what really are the forces of nature?  The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature: Since the birth of the universe, the whole of the universal model is comprised of the basic four forces namely, the Electromagnetic force, the Strong Nuclear Force, the Weak Nuclear Force, and the Gravitational force. See also:  Is Gravity a Force? The Electromagnetic Force: The electromagnetic force is furthe...